Modesty Blaise

Modesty Blaise
200px| Cover of the first U.S. printing of the Modesty Blaise novel
Author(s)	Peter O'Donnell Artists: Jim Holdaway Enrique Badia Romero John M. Burns Patrick Wright Neville Colvin Dan Spiegle Dick Giordano
Current status / schedule	Finished
Launch date	13 May 1963
End date	7 July 2002

Modesty Blaise is a British comic strip featuring a fictional character of the same name, created by Peter O'Donnell (writer) and Jim Holdaway (art) in 1963. The strip follows the adventures of Modesty Blaise, an exceptional young woman with many talents and a criminal past, and her trusty sidekick Willie Garvin. It was adapted into films made in 1966, 1982, and 2003 and a series of 13 novels and short story collections, beginning in 1965.

Premise

In 1945, a nameless girl escaped from a displaced person (DP) camp in Kalyros, Greece. She did not remember anything from her short past. She wandered through post-World War II Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and North African regions, where she learned to survive the hard way. She befriended another wandering refugee, a Jewish Hungarian scholar from Budapest named Lob who gave her an education and a name: Modesty (Blaise she added herself later, after Merlin's tutor from the Arthurian legends). Lob died when Modesty was 12 years old. Eventually, in 1953, she took control of a criminal gang in Tangier from Henri Louche and expanded it to international status as "The Network".

During these years she met Willie Garvin. Despite the desperate life he was leading, she saw his potential and offered him a job. Inspired by her belief in him, he pulled through as her right-hand man in The Network and became Modesty's most trusted friend. Theirs is a strictly platonic relationship and is based on mutual respect and shared interests. He has always called her "Princess", a form of address only he is allowed to use. Other members of The Network would call Modesty "Mam'selle" (as in the French term "Mademoiselle" or "Miss"). Though their relationship has no sexual element, it is Modesty's various lovers who feel jealous of Garvin, rather than the other way around – as he is the only man who remains part of her life, while lovers come and go. By the same token, some of Willie's girlfriends are initially jealous of Modesty, before in some cases – such as Lady Janet – coming to understand how the dynamic works between them.

She obtained British nationality by marrying and divorcing Englishman James Turner in Beirut; Turner died a year later of alcoholism. Having made a point of not dealing in secrets belonging to H.M. Government, when she felt she had made enough money, she retired and moved to England and Willie Garvin followed suit. Bored by their new lives among the idle rich, they accepted a request for assistance from Sir Gerald Tarrant, a high-ranking official of the British Secret Service. This is where the story really begins, although it is treated differently in the first comic strip and the first book. (See note in Canon debate below). Modesty's fortune is estimated at 500,000 pounds as of 1963. She lives in a penthouse in London overlooking Hyde Park, and also owns a villa in Tangier and a cottage two miles from Benildon, Wiltshire. She is 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) tall and weighs 120 lbs (54 kg) as revealed in La Machine.

Many of her adventures are based on capers in which she and Willie Garvin become involved as a result of their association with Tarrant. However, they may also help perfect strangers or fight various eccentric villains in exotic locations of their own volition if the cause fits their values; "ghosts" from their Network past also emerge to haunt them from time to time. Although Modesty and Willie will not hesitate to kill if necessary, they avoid deadly force whenever possible, often relying upon their extraordinary physical and weapons skills. There are many occasions in the comic strip and novels where the two decide ahead of time whether to use deadly force ("for keeps") or less-lethal methods ("for sleeps") depending on the level of the perceived threat.

[[wikipedia:File:Yawara.jpg|thumb|200px|A dumbbell-shaped yawara stick, or "kongo" as it is called in the Modesty Blaise books and comic strips|]] The kinds of fights and battles that Modesty and Willie have are often very special. There is a great emphasis on unarmed combat and unusual weapons. Modesty's weapon of choice is a "kongo" or yawara stick and as for firearms she begins by preferring the Colt .32 revolver and Mab Brevete .32 ACP auto pistol though in later books she switches to carrying a Star PD .45 auto pistol, while Willie's preferred weapon is the throwing knife, of which he usually carries two. Many other strange weapons (such as the use of quarterstaff, épée, blowgun, and sling) and unexpected fighting techniques are also featured.

In keeping with the "Floating timeline" spirit of other long-running comic strip and literary characters, Modesty and Willie generally do not age over the decades, with Modesty always being depicted as being in her late 20s, Willie eight years older. The only exceptions to this rule occur in the comic strip origin story, "In the Beginning", the 1996 short story collection Cobra Trap, the final Modesty Blaise book, which contains five stories that take place where Modesty's age moves from 20 to 52 (approximately), and the 2003 film My Name Is Modesty which is a prequel depicting Modesty in her late teens.

In an essay found in Myths for the Modern Age: Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton Universe (Win Scott Eckert, ed., MonkeyBrain Books, 2005), author Chuck Loridans contributes an article entitled "The Daughters of Greystoke" wherein he posits that Modesty is the daughter of Tarzan and La of Opar.

Comic strip

Having conceived the idea after a chance meeting with a girl during his wartime service in the Middle East, O'Donnell elected to work with Jim Holdaway, with whom he had worked on the strip Romeo Brown, after a trial period of collaboration with Frank Hampson, creator of Dan Dare, left O'Donnell dissatisfied. Modesty Blaise debuted in the London Evening Standard on 13 May 1963. The strip was syndicated among a large number of newspapers ranging from the Johannesburg Star to the Detroit Free Press, the Bombay Samachar, The Telegraph, (Calcutta, India), The Star (Malaysia), The West Australian (Perth, Australia) and The Evening Citizen (Glasgow, Scotland).

After Jim Holdaway's death in 1970, the art of the strip was provided by the Spanish artist Enrique Badía Romero. Eight years later, Romero quit to make time for his own comics projects, and after short attempts by John Burns and Patrick Wright, Neville Colvin drew the strip until 1986. Then Romero returned to the job and continued until the end of the strip.

The strip's circulation in the United States was erratic, in part because of the occasional nude scenes, which were much less acceptable in the U.S. than elsewhere, resulting in a censored version of the strip being circulated. (Modesty occasionally used a tactic that she called the "Nailer," in which she would appear topless, distracting the bad guys long enough to give Willie or herself a chance to incapacitate them.) An example of this censorship appears in the introduction to the 2007 Titan Books reprint volume Death Trap, which illustrated two segments of the story arc, "The Junk Men" that were censored by the Detroit Free Press when it published the strip in 1977; in both cases a screen was drawn over scantily-clad images of Willie and Modesty. Reportedly, O'Donnell did not approve of the changes, although they were made by the artist, Romero.

right|380px|thumb|The final Modesty Blaise daily comic strip, #10183. Unlike the printed version, the original art appears without the word balloons. The gist of the dialogue is that Modesty and Willie plan to unearth a treasure (the one left buried at the end of the book A Taste for Death) and anonymously donate it to the Salvation Army, and to take a break from adventuring. The final exchange at sunset: Modesty says, "NO VILLAINS, NO VICTIMS, NO BLOOD SWEAT AND TEARS ... WE'LL TAKE A LITTLE BREAK, WILLIE LOVE, JUST YOU AND ME." Willie replies, "BEST BIT OF ALL, PRINCESS." The final Modesty Blaise strip ran in the Evening Standard on 11 April 2001. Some of the newspapers that carried the series, feeling that it had become a tradition for their readers, began running it again from the beginning. O'Donnell, in order to give Romero some additional work, gave the artist permission to adapt one of his short stories ("The Dark Angels") as a graphic novel that was published in Scandinavia in 2002, later being reprinted in the U.S. in a special issue of Comics Revue.

From 1 December 2008, the Evening Standard, which had stopped including comic strips for some time, republished La Machine, using the original artwork. Following a change of ownership of the paper, they did not continue with subsequent stories.

Strip numbering

The ordinary strips are consecutive numbered from 1 to 10183. Outside this numbering are the two newspaper stories "In the Beginning" and "The Killing Ground" and the two comic book stories "Modesty Blaise" and "The Dark Angels".

Outside the ordinary numbering is also an amount of A-strips. An A-strip has the same number as the previous strip but followed by an A. They were used on days when not all the newspapers containing Modesty Blaise were published. An A-strip is not vital for the continuity of the story and is often just supplementing the previous strip.
The first A-strip was 194A and was published during Christmas 1963 in Scottish newspapers.

Since December 1974 The Evening Standard has not been published on Saturdays. So, since then, and the story "Cry Wolf", a sixth of the strips have been A-strips and have not had their premiere in The Evening Standard.

A single strip is numbered with an X suffix, i.e., strip number 3641X, and is similar to the A-strips.

Reprints

Many reprint editions of the comic strip have appeared over the years, of varying quality. Most focus upon the earliest strips, with strips from the 1980s and 1990s being the least-often reprinted.

One of the earliest reprints in book form occurred in 1978 when Star Books, an imprint of WH Allen Limited, published two paperback-sized compilations of the Holdaway-era stories: 1) "In the Beginning", "The Black Pearl", and "The Vikings", and 2) "La Machine" and "The Long Lever". These reprints suffered from poor reproduction that rendered many panels illegible.

Between 1981 and 1986, Ken Pierce Books Inc. of the United States, in conjunction with Eclipse Comics, published eight volumes of comic book-sized reprints dubbed the First American Edition series. The first four books featured Holdaway-illustrated stories from the 1960s, while the last four featured strips from the early 1980s as illustrated by Neville Colvin. These books also suffered from reproduction problems that resulted in many panels being reprinted too light, making them difficult to read.

Between 1984 and 1988, Titan Books of England published eight volumes of reprints of strips featuring art by Holdaway and Romero, covering the period 1963 to 1974.

Manuscript Press published two volumes of late-1980s Romero strips in 2003 (Live Bait and Lady in the Dark); it also published all of the stories not reprinted elsewhere in serialised form in its magazine publications Comics Revue and Modesty Blaise Quarterly, the former of which, as noted above, also published The Dark Angels for the first (and, to date, only) time in English. Comics Revue is continuing to reprint Modesty Blaise strips as of its early 2008 issues.

Titan Books

Beginning in March 2004, Titan launched a new series of reprint volumes. These new versions use larger images and reportedly come from better source material than the earlier editions. As well as an introduction to each story by Peter O'Donnell for books 1 to 16, and by Lawrence Blackmore for books 17 onwards, most books include articles about the series.

So far, the new Titan series has reprinted the full run of the Holdaway years, the full run of Romero's first tenure, the short spells of John Burns and Pat Wright, and the full run of Neville Colvin. As of the volumes announced for publication in 2014, the reprints are approximately midway through Romero's second tenure.

№	Title	Year	ISBN	Articles
T1	The Gabriel Set-Up	2004	978-1-84023-658-3	"Blaise of Glory" Pt 1 by Mike Paterson and "Girl Walking" by Peter O'Donnell
T2	Mister Sun		978-1-84023-721-4	"Blaise of Glory" Pt 2 and "Modesty Maker" Pt 1, an interview with Peter O'Donnell
T3	Top Traitor		978-1-84023-684-2	"Blaise of Glory" Pt 3 and "Modesty Maker" Pt 2
T4	The Black Pearl		978-1-84023-842-6	"Modesty's Sisters – The Madeleine Brent Novels" Pt 1 and "Modesty Maker" Pt 3
T5	Bad Suki	2005	978-1-84023-864-8	"A Few Words about a Man I Never Met" about Jim Holdaway by Walter Simonson and "Modesty's Sisters" Pt 2
T6	The Hell Makers		978-1-84023-865-5	"Modesty Blaise Doesn't Go To America" by Max Allan Collins, "Jim and Enric" by Peter O'Donnell, Holdaway's illustrations for the "Pieces of Modesty" book, and Pt 1 of a 1973 Comic Media interview with Peter O'Donnell by Nick Landau and Richard Burton
T7	The Green-Eyed Monster		978-1-84023-866-2	A profile of Enric Badia Romero
T8	The Puppet Master	2006	978-1-84023-867-9	"Two Genuine Originals" by Jan Burke and "The Secret Weapons of a Femme Fatale" by Rob van der Nol
T9	The Gallows Bird		978-1-84023-868-6	"Blue Bird – The Censoring of The Gallows Bird"
T10	Cry Wolf		978-1-84023-869-3	"The Truth behind Modesty Plays" by Russell Mael and Pt 2 of the 1973 Comic Media interview with Peter O'Donnell
T11	The Inca Trail	2007	978-1-84576-417-3	Pt 3 of the 1973 Comic Media interview with Peter O'Donnell
T12	Death Trap		978-1-84576-418-0	"Preserving Modesty's Modesty" by Lawrence Blackmore
T13	Yellowstone Booty	2008	978-1-84576-419-7	"The Art of John Burns" by Lawrence Blackmore, including Burns' illustrations for the first Modesty Blaise novel
T14	Green Cobra		978-1-84576-420-3	"Naked Truth" by Lawrence Blackmore and Burns' illustrations for "Pieces of Modesty"
T15	The Lady Killers	2009	978-1-84856-106-9	"Modesty McBlaise: The Glasgow Story" by Lawrence Blackmore (strips that only appeared in the Glasgow Evening Citizen)
T16	The Scarlet Maiden		978-1-84856-107-6	"Modesty McBlaise" Pt 2 by Lawrence Blackmore
T17	Death in Slow Motion	2010	978-1-84856-108-3	"Portrait of an Artist – Neville Colvin: An Appreciation" by Steve Epting
T18	Sweet Caroline		978-1-84856-673-6	– no additional articles
T19	The Double Agent	2011	978-1-84856-674-3	"A Tribute to Peter O'Donnell" – short pieces by eleven writers and illustrators; "A Modest Man" by Wallace Harrington, describing Neville Colvin
T20	Million Dollar Game		978-1-84856-675-0	– no additional articles
T21	Live Bait	2012	978-0-85768-668-8	"O'Donnell's Circus" by Lawrence Blackmore
T22	Lady In The Dark		978-0-85768-693-0	– no additional articles
T23	The Girl in the Iron Mask	2013	978-0-85768-694-7	– no additional articles
T24	The Young Mistress	Due May 2014	978-1-78116-709-0
T25	The Grim Joker	Due Oct. 2014	978-1-78116-711-3

Story list

There were 99 storylines produced for the Modesty Blaise comic strip and all its printed forms, and for almost 40 years it was written by just one person: Peter O'Donnell. The strips and comic books were drawn by Jim Holdaway (JH), Enrique Badia Romero (ER), John M. Burns (JB), Patrick Wright (PW), Neville Colvin (NC), Dan Spiegle (DS) and Dick Giordano (DG).

Sources:  A  (Comics Revue Annual), C  (Comics Revue), CM  (Comic Media Vol 2, No. 2), CS  (Comics Revue Special), F#  (First American Edition Series, Ken Pierce), LB  (Live Bait, Manuscript Press), LD  (Lady in the Dark, Manuscript Press), MB  (Comics Revue Presents Modesty Blaise), S#  (Star Books paperback reprints, 1978), OT#  (Titan Books, old series (1984–88)), T#  (Titan Books, new series (2004–present)).

The Modesty Blaise comic strip and comic book stories
№	Title	Artist	Strip numbers	Number of strips	Dates	Reprinted in
1	La Machine	J i m H o l d a w a y	1–114	114	1963-05-13 – 1963-09-21	T1, OT1, C 189–191, 193, S2
2	The Long Lever		115–211	98	1963-09-23 – 1964-01-02	T1, OT1, C 192–194, S2
3	The Gabriel Set-Up		212–354	143	1964-01-03 – 1964-06-18	T1, OT1, C 195–197
4	Mister Sun		355–500	146	1964-06-19 – 1964-12-05	T2, OT2, C 198–199
5	The Mind of Mrs. Drake		501–612	113 (112+1A)	1964-12-07 – 1965-04-19	T2, OT2, F2, C 201–203
6	Uncle Happy		613–743	131	1965-04-20 – 1965-09-18	T2, OT8, F2, C 204–207
7	Top Traitor		744–873	131	1965-09-20 – 1966-02-19	T3, F1, C 208–210
8	The Vikings		874–992	119	1966-02-21 – 1966-07-09	T3, F1, S1
[1|]	In the Beginning		1–12	12	1966-07-11 – 1966-07-23	T1, OT1, C 188, CM, S1
9	The Head Girls		993–1124	132	1966-07-11 – 1966-12-10	T3, F4
10	The Black Pearl		1125–1235	112 (111+1A)	1966-12-12 – 1967-04-22	T4, F4, S1
11	The Magnified Man		1236–1349	114	1967-04-24 – 1967-09-02	T4, F4
12	The Jericho Caper		1350–1461	113 (112+1A)	1967-09-04 – 1968-01-13	T4, F3
13	Bad Suki		1462–1574	113	1968-01-15 – 1968-05-25	T5, OT8, F3
14	The Galley Slaves		1575–1629 1630A-1688	115 (114+1A)	1968-05-27 – 1968-08-06 1968-09-11 – 1968-11-16	T5, OT3, MB24
[2|]	The Killing Ground		A1-A36	36	1968-10-07 – 1968-11-16	T4, OT2, F3, C 207
15	The Red Gryphon		1689–1794	107 (106+1A)	1968-11-18 – 1969-03-22	T5, OT3, C 211–213
16	The Hell Makers		1795–1919	126 (125+1A)	1969-03-24 – 1969-08-16	T6, OT3, C 214–216
17	Take-Over		1920–2043	125 (124+1A)	1969-08-18 – 1970-01-10	T6, OT4, C 217–219
18	The War-Lords of Phoenix		2044–2099 2099–2162	119	1970-01-12 – 1970-03-17 1970-03-17 – 1970-05-30	T6, OT4, C 220–222
		E n r i c B a d í a R o m e r o
19	Willie the Djinn		2163–2282	120	1970-06-01 – 1970-10-17	T7, OT4, C 223–225
20	The Green-Eyed Monster		2283–2388	107 (106+1A)	1970-10-19 – 1971-02-20	T7, OT5, C 226–228
21	Death of a Jester		2389–2507	119	1971-02-22 – 1971-07-10	T7, OT5, C 229–231
22	The Stone Age Caper		2508–2627	120	1971-07-12 – 1971-11-27	T8, OT5, C 232–234
23	The Puppet Master		2628–2738	112 (111+1A)	1971-11-29 – 1972-04-08	T8, OT6, C 235–237
24	With Love from Rufus		2739–2846	108	1972-04-10 – 1972-08-12	T8, OT6
25	The Bluebeard Affair		2847–2970	125 (124+1A)	1972-08-14 – 1973-01-06	T9, OT6
26	The Gallows Bird		2971–3077	107	1973-01-08 – 1973-05-12	T9, MB2
27	The Wicked Gnomes		3078–3197	120	1973-05-14 – 1973-09-29	T9, OT7
28	The Iron God		3198–3309	111	1973-10-01 – 1974-02-09	T9, OT7
29	"Take Me to Your Leader"		3310–3428	120 (119+1A)	1974-02-11 – 1974-07-01	T10, MB3
30	Highland Witch		3429–3548	120	1974-07-02 – 1974-11-16	T10, MB4
31	Cry Wolf		3549–3638A	106 (90+16A)	1974-11-18 – 1975-03-25	T10, MB5
32	The Reluctant Chaperon		3639–3737	120 (99+21A)	1975-03-26 – 1975-08-14	T11, MB6
33	The Greenwood Maid		3738–3829A	111 (92+19A)	1975-08-15 – 1976-01-02	T11, MB7
34	Those About to Die		3830–3931A	123 (102+21A)	1976-01-05 – 1976-05-28	T11, MB8
35	The Inca Trail		3932–4031A	120 (100+20A)	1976-06-01 – 1976-10-20	T11, MB10
36	The Vanishing Dollybirds		4032–4141A	132 (110+22A)	1976-10-21 – 1977-03-28	T12, MB11
37	The Junk Men		4142–4241A	120 (100+20A)	1977-03-29 – 1977-08-19	T12, MB9
38	Death Trap		4242–4341A	120 (100+20A)	1977-08-22 – 1978-01-20	T12, MB12
39	Idaho George		4342–4447A	126 (106+20A)	1978-01-23 – 1978-06-16	T13, MB13
40	The Golden Frog		4448–4542A	114 (95+19A)	1978-06-19 – 1978-10-31	T13, MB14
41	Yellowstone Booty	John Burns	4543–4647A	126 (105+21A)	1978-11-01 – 1979-03-30	T13, MB16
42	Green Cobra		4648–4737A	108 (90+18A)	1979-04-02 – 1979-08-10	T14, MB15
43	Eve and Adam		4738-4767A 4768-4837A	120 (100+20A)	1979-08-13 – 1979-11-24 1979-11-25 – 1980-01-04	T14, MB17
		Patrick Wright
44	Brethren of Blaise		4838–4932A	114 (95+19A)	1980-01-07 – 1980-05-23	T14, MB18
45	Dossier on Pluto	N e v i l l e C o l v i n	4933–5032A	120 (100+20A)	1980-05-27 – 1980-10-14	T15, MB19
46	The Lady Killers		5033–5127A	114 (95+19A)	1980-10-15 – 1981-03-03	T15, F5, C 238–240
47	Garvin's Travels		5128–5229A	120 (102+18A)	1981-03-04 – 1981-07-27	T15, F5, C 241 – 243
48	The Scarlet Maiden		5230–5329A	120 (100+20A)	1981-07-28 – 1981-12-16	T16, F5, C 244 – 246
49	The Moonman		5330–5424A	114 (95+19A)	1981-12-17 – 1982-05-07	T16, F6, C 247 – 249
50	A Few Flowers for the Colonel		5425–5519A	114 (95+19A)	1982-05-10 – 1982-09-24	T16, F6, C 250 – 252
51	The Balloonatic		5520–5619A	120 (100+20A)	1982-09-27 – 1983-02-18	T17, F6, C 253 – 255
52	Death in Slow Motion		5620–5719A	120 (100+20A)	1983-02-21 – 1983-07-15	T17, F7, C 256 – 258
53	The Alternative Man		5720–5814A	114 (95+19A)	1983-07-18 – 1983-11-28	T17, F7, C 259 – 261
54	Sweet Caroline		5815–5914A	120 (100+20A)	1983-11-29 – 1984-04-19	T18, F7, C 262 – 264
55	The Return of the Mammoth		5915–6014A	120 (100+20A)	1984-04-24 – 1984-09-14	T18, F8, C 265 – 267
56	Plato's Republic		6015–6114A	120 (100+20A)	1984-09-17 – 1985-02-06	T18, F8
57	The Sword of the Bruce		6115–6214A	120 (100+20A)	1985-02-07 – 1985-07-02	T18, F8
58	The Wild Boar		6215–6314A	120 (100+20A)	1985-07-03 – 1985-11-20	T19, MB20
59	Kali's Disciples		6315–6414A	120 (100+20A)	1985-11-21 – 1986-05-16	T19, MB21
60	The Double Agent		6415–6519A	126 (105+21A)	1986-05-17 – 1986-09-15	T19, MB22
61	Butch Cassidy Rides Again	E n r i c B a d í a R o m e r o	6520–6624A	126 (105+21A)	1986-09-16 – 1987-02-12	T20, MB1, MB25
62	Million Dollar Game		6625–6724A	120 (100+20A)	1987-02-13 – 1987-07-08	T20, C 26–29
63	The Vampire of Malvescu		6725–6829A	126 (105+21A)	1987-07-09 – 1987-12-03	T20, A2, MB23
64	Samantha and the Cherub		6830–6934A	126 (105+21A)	1987-12-04 – 1988-05-06	T21, C 31–36, LB
65	Milord		6935–7034A	120 (100+20A)	1988-05-09 – 1988-09-27	T21, C 40–42, LB
66	Live Bait		7035–7134A	120 (100+20A)	1988-09-28 – 1989-02-17	T21, C 44–46, LB
67	The Girl from the Future		7135–7239A	126 (105+21A)	1989-02-20 – 1989-07-21	T22, C 47–49, LD
68	The Big Mole		7240–7339A	120 (100+20A)	1989-07-24 – 1989-12-11	T22, C 50–52, LD
69	Lady in the Dark		7340–7439A	120 (100+20A)	1989-12-12 – 1990-05-08	T22, C 53–56, LD
70	Fiona		7440–7544A	126 (105+21A)	1990-05-09 – 1990-10-09	T23, C 57–60
71	Walkabout		7545–7649A	126 (105+21A)	1990-10-10 – 1991-03-11	T23, C 61–63
72	The Girl in the Iron Mask		7650–7749A	120 (100+20A)	1991-03-12 – 1991-08-02	T23, C 64–66
73	The Young Mistress		7750–7854A	126 (105+21A)	1991-08-05 – 1992-01-06	T24, C 67–73
74	Ivory Dancer		7855–7959A	126 (105+21A)	1992-01-07 – 1992-06-05	T24, C 73–77
75	Our Friend Maude		7960–8064A	126 (105+21A)	1992-06-08 – 1992-11-02	T24, C 78–83
76	A Present for the Princess		8065–8174A	132 (110+22A)	1992-11-03 – 1993-04-08	T25, C 84–88
77	Black Queen's Pawn		8175–8279A	126 (105+21A)	1993-04-13 – 1993-09-10	T25, C 89–93
78	The Grim Joker		8280–8384A	126 (105+21A)	1993-09-13 – 1994-02-09	T25, C 94–99
79	Guido the Jinx		8385–8484A	120 (100+20A)	1994-02-10 – 1994-07-05	C 100–104
80	The Killing Distance		8485–8589A	126 (105+21A)	1994-07-06 – 1994-11-30	C 105–109
81	The Aristo		8590–8694A	126 (105+21A)	1994-12-01 – 1995-05-03	C 110–114
[3|]	Modesty Blaise	DS & DG		141 pages	1994-12
82	Ripper Jax	E n r i c B a d í a R o m e r o	8695–8799A	126 (105+21A)	1995-05-04 – 1995-10-02	C 115–119
83	The Maori Contract		8800–8904A	126 (105+21A)	1995-10-03 – 1996-03-01	C 120–124
84	Honeygun		8905–9009A	126 (105+21A)	1996-03-04 – 1996-08-02	C 125–130
85	Durango		9010–9114A	126 (105+21A)	1996-08-05 – 1997-01-03	CS, C 131–133
86	The Murder Frame		9115–9219A	126 (105+21A)	1997-01-06 – 1997-06-06	C 134–138
87	Fraser's Story		9220–9324A	126 (105+21A)	1997-06-09 – 1997-11-03	C 139–143
88	Tribute of the Pharaoh		9325–9429A	126 (105+21A)	1997-11-04 – 1998-05-03	C 144–148
89	The Special Orders		9430–9534A	126 (105+21A)	1998-05-06 – 1998-09-04	C 149–152
90	The Hanging Judge		9535–9644A	132 (110+22A)	1998-09-07 – 1999-02-10	C 153–158
91	Children of Lucifer		9645–9749A	126 (105+21A)	1999-02-11 – 1999-07-13	C 159–163
92	Death Symbol		9750–9859A	132 (110+22A)	1999-07-14 – 1999-12-15	C 164–169
93	The Last Aristocrat		9860–9964A	126 (105+21A)	1999-12-16 – 2000-05-19	C 170–175
94	The Killing Game		9965–10069A	126 (105+21A)	2000-05-22 – 2000-10-17	C 176–181
95	The Zombie		10070–10183	135 (114+21A)	2000-10-18 – 2001-04-11	C 182–187
[4|]	The Dark Angels			46 pages	2002-06-13 – 2002-07-11	C 200, 208 (cover)
The special stories Numbered SP1 or more common 8a. An introduction to the history of Modesty Blaise. Numbered SP2 or more common 14a. Produced to Scottish newspapers after an industrial dispute in England. Numbered SP3 or more common not numbered. A graphic novel from DC Comics based on the first novel with Modesty Blaise. Numbered SP4 or more common 96. A comic book version of the short story in Cobra Trap. Originally published in the Swedish magazine Agent X9 #7–8, 2002.

Films

After the initial popularity of the comic strip British Lion Films announced a Modesty Blaise film to be written by Sidney Gilliat that was never made.

A film entitled Modesty Blaise, loosely based on the comic strip, was filmed in 1966 as a comedy thriller. It was directed by Joseph Losey and starred Monica Vitti as Modesty, Terence Stamp as Willie Garvin, and Dirk Bogarde as Gabriel. While Peter O'Donnell wrote the first draft of the screenplay for the film, the script was heavily revised by others before shooting began, and the finished film bore very little resemblance to O'Donnell's vision in tone, theme, or characterisation. For example, a romance is established between Willie and Modesty, even though the comic strip firmly established only a platonic relationship between them. The film also incorporated several musical numbers. The film was unsuccessful.

In 1982, a one-hour Pilot was made for a proposed Modesty Blaise television series, starring Ann Turkel as Modesty Blaise and Lewis Van Bergen as Willie Garvin. The film aired on the ABC Network to positive reviews, but no series resulted. This was a slightly more serious version of the stories than the campy 1966 comedy version. In this pilot the setting is moved from London to Hollywood, and both Willie and Tarrant are portrayed as Americans.

In 2003, a direct-to-video film titled My Name Is Modesty was released. The film was directed by Scott Spiegel and starred English actress Alexandra Staden as Modesty Blaise. Although promoted as the first of a series, no others were made. One immediately noticeable difference between the film and the source material is that it is a prequel to Modesty's established backstory as a crime boss; as such, the character of Willie Garvin is omitted.

Quentin Tarantino has been interested in directing a Modesty Blaise film for many years, and at one point Neil Gaiman even wrote a script treatment based upon O'Donnell's novel, I, Lucifer. So far, nothing has come of these plans. Tarantino "sponsored" the release of My Name Is Modesty by allowing it to be released under the label "Quentin Tarantino presents ..." In the Tarantino film Pulp Fiction, Vincent Vega is seen reading a copy of Modesty Blaise. Nicole Kidman has also gone on record as being interested in making a Modesty Blaise film, and Jennifer Lopez was reported to be pitching for the part in 2003.

Books

Peter O'Donnell was invited to write a Novel to tie in with the 1966 film. The novel, called simply Modesty Blaise and based on his original screenplay for the movie, fared considerably better than the movie itself did. (It was also released a year before the movie.) During the following decades he would write a total of eleven Modesty Blaise novels and two collections of short stories. Several of the short stories either adapt comic strip stories, or would later be adapted as comic strips themselves, and there was frequent crossover of characters between the two genres. All the books, with the exception of "Pieces of Modesty", were originally issued in hardback and have since gone through numerous paperback editions.

Year	Title	Notes
1965	Modesty Blaise
1966	Sabre-Tooth
1967	I
1969	A Taste for Death
1971	The Impossible Virgin
1972	Pieces of Modesty	6 short stories: "A Better Day to Die", "The Giggle-wrecker", "I Had a Date with Lady Janet", "A Perfect Night to Break Your Neck", "Salamander Four", "The Soo Girl Charity"
1973	The Silver Mistress
1976	Last Day in Limbo
1978	Dragon's Claw
1981	The Xanadu Talisman
1982	The Night of Morningstar
1985	Dead Man's Handle
1996	Cobra Trap	5 short stories: "Bellman", "The Dark Angels", "Old Alex", "The Girl With the Black Balloon", "Cobra Trap"

O'Donnell's final book, Cobra Trap, is a short story collection. Intended by O'Donnell to be his literary finale, the final story depicts Modesty's and Willie's deaths (with a hint of an afterlife). O'Donnell, however, continued to write the comic strip for several more years, and chose to end it on a more optimistic note (though the comic strip finale does not contradict the literary one).

Beginning in the early 2000s (decade), Souvenir Press began a series of paperback reprints of the Modesty Blaise book series, using the first edition hardback covers, and originally concluding with a reprint of Cobra Trap in 2006. Souvenir subsequently gained the rights to the short story collection Pieces of Modesty and issued their reprint of that book in March 2010, with a new cover design based on the original hardback cover from the first Modesty novel, at which point all the Blaise books fell under the same UK publisher for the first time.

In 2008, Penguin Books of India reprinted the full series.

The 2012 Charles Stross book The Apocalypse Codex is a "tribute to Modesty Blaise", according to its author.

Differences between Comic Strip and Books

Although the books generally reflect the characters previously established in the comic strip, there are a number of detail differences. One example of this is how Modesty is initially recruited to work for Sir Gerald Tarrant – although the strip story La Machine (1963) and the book story Modesty Blaise (1965) have similarities, and in both Tarrant achieves his aim by putting her under an obligation, in the strip story this relates to the validity of her marriage (and therefore her right to British nationality and residence) while in the book he provides her with information that enables her to rescue Willie Garvin and save his life. The name of her husband is given in the strip, with the marriage taking place in 1960 and him dying in 1961; in the novel he is unnamed and the marriage took place in 1962.

There are also cases where characters first appear in the books and then subsequently appear in the comic strip – Steve Collier first appears in I Lucifer (1967) and his future wife Dinah in A Taste for Death (1969) but they do not appear in the strip until Lady in the Dark (1989).

Comics

In Sweden the strip has been in continuous distribution since 1969 in a monthly comic adventure magazine called Agent X9 (after the existing Modesty comic magazine Agent Modesty Blaise, started in 1967, was merged with the X9 magazine). Many of O'Donnell's stories premiered here (translated into Swedish), and the magazine continues to run a Modesty Blaise story every month, from the archives. When the daily strip was discontinued, artist Romero was given permission by O'Donnell to do a final Modesty Blaise story directly for Agent X9 magazine. The two-parter was published in 2002 and based on an unused script by O'Donnell entitled The Dark Angels, which O'Donnell had previously adapted for the short story collection Cobra Trap. Romero has for the past years also contributed with original painted covers for the Agent X9 magazine.

In India Modesty has got a huge fan base and the stories have been published in various magazines starting in 1971. Modesty was featured in Kalki Magazine (1971), Kumudam Magazine (1972), Muthu Comics (1975), Lion Comics (1984 to date), Rani Comics (1990–2002) & Comic World (1998) in the Tamil language. They were also published in English in Spectrum Comics (1985–1986). Though other magazines stopped/ceased publishing Modesty Blaise, Lion Comics continues to publish her stories regularly. Considering the medium, certain images from the stories were edited in order to make them suitable for child readers.

The American magazine Comics Revue also continues to reprint the strip, and remains to date the only publisher to have released an English-language version of The Dark Angels.

In 1994, DC Comics released a graphic novel adaptation of Modesty Blaise (the novel), with art by Dan Spiegle and Dick Giordano (ISBN 1-56389-178-6).

Audio

Last Day in Limbo was adapted as a BBC World Service six-part radio drama in 1978 with Barbara Kellerman as Modesty, James Bolam as Willie and Richard Vernon as Tarrant.

A Taste for Death was adapted for radio in 2012 (originally broadcast 17 December – 21 December) in five 15-minute episodes on BBC Radio 4 adapted by Stef Penney and produced/directed by Kate McAll, starring Daphne Alexander as Modesty, Carl Prekopp as Willie, Alun Armstrong as Sir Gerald Tarrant, Sam Dale as Simon Delicata, Geoffrey Streatfeild as Steve Collier and Samantha Dakin as Dinah Pilgrim.

In the early 1980s, an audio tape reading of the short story, "I Had a Date with Lady Janet" (from Pieces of Modesty), was published by Pickwick Talking Books featuring John Thaw (the story was a first-person tale told from Willie Garvin's point of view).

Cars

During the years the comic strip ran, the vehicles used by Modesty and Willie reflected current trends in the motor industry, usually featuring the more glamorous or exotic models then available. As with some of the supporting characters, the books sometimes - but not always - reflected the comic strips. Just as in the contemporary James Bond films, the cars featured were an integral part of the character image conveyed by the stories.

• Modesty drove an ivory-coloured Daimler Dart in the first two books, and it also featured in the comic strip stories La Machine (1963), The Long Lever (1963), The Mind of Mrs Drake (1965) and The Head Girls (1966).
• Modesty and Willie are also seen driving an Aston Martin DB5 in La Machine (1963), a car which did not become associated with James Bond until the release of the film Goldfinger the following year. (In the Goldfinger novel Bond drives the older Aston Martin DB Mark III). This car also featured in The Mind of Mrs Drake (1965).
• In the third book, I Lucifer, Modesty drives a Reliant Sabre Six.
• In the comic strip story The Jericho Caper (1967) Willie owns a Jensen FF, the four-wheel drive version of the Jensen Interceptor, a car with an American V8 engine and handmade British coachwork. This car, driven by both Modesty and Willie, appeared in the strips on numerous occasions in the next few years and in the books A Taste for Death and The Impossible Virgin.
• In A Taste for Death Willie also drives a Lotus Elan.
• The comic strip story Willie the Djinn (1970) includes a cameo appearance by a 1911 Rolls Royce Silver Ghost.
• Modesty has a Rolls-Royce as her luxury car, and is chauffeured by Weng, but the model varies. In the comic strip The Head Girls she has a Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud III Mulliner Park Ward Drop Head Coupe, while in the same year written The Black Pearl (1966) she has a Silver Shadow
• During the days of The Network Garvin was driving a Mercedes 450 SL (as revealed in flashback in the 1982 book The Night Of Morningstar). He also uses this car in a comic strip story Highland Witch (1974)
• In a comic strip story Samantha and the Cherub (1987) Modesty and Willie are seen driving the famous odd experimental Mercedes-Benz C111
• In a comic strip story The Wicked Gnomes (1973) Modesty and Willie are seen driving an Opel GT
• In a comic strip story Top Traitor (1965) Modesty and Willie are seen driving a Series 1 Jaguar E-Type, while in the story The Greenwood Maid (1975) they drive the Series 3
• In Top Traitor (1965), while in Austria, they are also seen driving Mercedes W111. This car also has cameos in La Machine (1963), The Mind of Mrs Drake (1965), The Magnified Man (1967) and Willie the Djinn (1970), owned by various supporting characters
• In a comic strip story The Girl From the Future (1989) Modesty and Willie are seen driving Triumph Spitfire MK4
• In a comic strip story The Green-Eyed Monster (1970) Willie drives a Ford Mustang
• In a comic strip story The Vanishing Dollybirds (1976) Willie drives a Lamborghini Miura
• In a comic strip story Death in Slow Motion (1983) Willie drives Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
• In a comic strip story The Girl in the Iron Mask (1991) Willie drives an Alpine A110

Music

• The theme song "Modesty (Modesty Blaise Theme)" from the Losey movie was sung by David and Jonathan, with music composed by John Dankworth and lyrics by Benny Green. This appeared on the soundtrack album issued by 20th Century Fox (S 4182) and also as a single on the Fontana label. The album was released on CD by Harkit (HRKCD 8003) in 2001.
• Rock group Sparks wrote and recorded a song intended as the theme tune for the aborted TV series. Using an amended title "Modesty Plays" to avoid trademark infringement, it was released originally in 1982 as a France-only single and subsequently in a new version on their 1986 album Music That You Can Dance To. Singer Russell Mael admits that he is actually singing "Blaise" not "Plays".
• Closterkeller, a Polish Gothic band, recorded the song "Modesty Blaise" on their 1992 album Blue, based on the Modesty Blaise character.
• The concept of the 1992 album Modesty by the former Yugoslav pop rock band Bel Tempo was inspired by the Modesty Blaise character.
• Montt Mardié from Sweden opens his 2005 debut album Drama| with a song entitled "Modesty Blaise".
• Maja Ivarsson lead singer of The Sounds has a tattoo of Modesty Blaise on her right outer forearm.

References

• The Complete Modesty Blaise Dossier
• Modesty Blaise book bibliography
• Modesty Blaise at the Comic Book DB
• Modesty Blaise at Don Markstein's Toonopedia

External links

• Kristy Valenti's three-part article on Peter O'Donnell – Part one, Part Two and Part Three at comiXology
• The real Modesty http://www.crimetime.co.uk/features/modestyblaise.php
• The Once and Future Princess (English section incomplete)
• Kent Hedlundh's Modesty Blaise site (interviews with Peter O'Donnell, lists of all the comic strip stories, etc.)
• The Modesty Blaise Book Covers Site (information on the books, with graphics of the many different printings)
• Modesty Blaise at the Internet Movie Database
• Titan Books' Modesty reprints
• Tamil Comics Ulagam Modesty Blaise in India in Tamil Language

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