Ed the Happy Clown

Ed the Happy Clown
250x450px Ed the Happy Clown: the Definitive Ed Book cover (Vortex, 1992)
Publication information
Publisher	self-published Vortex Comics Drawn and Quarterly
First appearance	Yummy Fur minicomic #2
Created by	Chester Brown
Ed the Happy Clown
100x180px	Ed the Happy Clown #4 cover (Drawn and Quarterly, 2005)
Series publication information
Schedule	irregular
Genre	Alternative comics
Publication date	(Yummy Fur (minicomic)) 1983 – 1985 (Yummy Fur) December 1986 – October 1989 (Ed the Happy Clown) 2004 – 2006
Collected editions
Ed the Happy Clown: a Yummy Fur Book	ISBN 978-0-92145-104-4
Ed the Happy Clown: the Definitive Ed Book	ISBN 978-0-92145-108-2
Ed the Happy Clown: A Graphic Novel	ISBN 978-1-77046-075-1

Ed the Happy Clown is the title character of a comics work by Canadian cartoonist, Chester Brown. The dark, surreal and largely improvised story started with a series of unrelated short comics that Brown soon went on to tie together. Ed is a large-headed, childlike children's clown, who is subjected to one horrifying affliction after another.

The story is a dark, humorous mix of genres which includes vampires, pygmy cannibals, martians, Frankenstein's monster and others. Prominent is its use of scatological humour, nudity, sex, body horror, extreme graphic violence and potentially blasphemous religious imagery. Central to the plot are a man who cannot stop defecating; the head of a miniature Ronald Reagan attached to the head of the protagonist's penis; and a female vampire who seeks revenge on her adulterous lover who murdered her to escape his sins.

Originally serialized in Brown's comic book Yummy Fur, it was eventually collected in two differing editions by Vortex Comics in 1989 and 1992. The contents of the second edition were re-serialized in 2005–2006 as a nine-issue Ed the Happy Clown series from Drawn and Quarterly with extensive end notes. This series and its end notes were collected by the same publisher in 2012.

The story has had a substantial influence on a number of alternative cartoonists, and has won a number of awards, including a Harvey. In 2005, Time placed it at #7 on its list of the 10 best English-language graphic novels ever. Canadian film director Bruce McDonald has had the rights since 1991 to make an Ed movie, but the project has struggled to get financial backing.

Overview

In the early 1980s, Brown was in a creative rut until he came across a book on Surrealism, The Age of Surrealism by Wallace Fowley. "Embracing surrealistic spontaneous creation", Brown started work on a completely improvised comic which he called Yummy Fur, in which Ed was originally serialized. The story spanned a range of Brown's interests, from political skepticism to scatological humour to Brown's childhood interest in vampires and werewolves. The story was dark and surreal, but "both hopeless and funny, a trick moviemakers like Tim Burton and Todd Solondz wish they could pull off more regularly".

Ed suffers one indignity after another as the plot gets grimmer and more surreal. His bizarre misfortunes include being chased by cannibalistic pygmies and having the tip of his penis replaced by the head of a miniature, talking Ronald Reagan from another universe. Ed's adventures featured encounters with flesh-eating rats, Martians, the Frankenstein monster and other characters out of traditional genre fiction, but presented with Brown's own twisted, blackly funny sensibility and topped with some dark Christian symbolism. Despite his ordeals—being imprisoned for a crime he did not commit, falling in love with a vampire—Ed remained a gentle, childlike innocent, with a Candide-like optimism.

The story has had more than one ending, potentially with none being definitive.

Story summary

The story "defies easy summation", according to Canadian comics historian John Bell.

Ed begins with the children's hospital he was on his way to visit burning down with all the children in it. A number of short gag strips occur one after the other, having no apparent relation to each other. After 30 pages or so, Brown attempts to tie the mess together into one grand plot.

Ed is imprisoned for a crime he did not commit—he had found the hospital janitor Chet Doodley's hand and turned it in to the police, and the police assume he had taken it. While in prison, an unnamed character finds himself unable to stop defecating. His faeces fill up the jail, engulfing Ed. When he emerges, he finds the head of his penis has been replaced with the head of a miniature Ronald Reagan from Dimension X (whose appearance is nothing like the actual person), a place much like Ed's but in which the people are considerably smaller. The dimension had a waste problem, which they tried to solve by dumping it into a hole to another dimension. The hole turned out to be the anus of the man who could not stop defecating. Reagan's body was left in Dimension X, and the professor, who was the discoverer of the inter-dimensional portal, travels to Ed's dimension to find the head, eventually making contact with the authorities of Ed's world.

After inexplicably losing his hand, Chet Doodley attempts to atone for his unfaithfulness to his wife by killing his girlfriend, Josie. His motivation is the story of Saint Justin his mother had told him as a child—the saint cuts off his right hand to avoid sinning, and Chet assumes his lost hand is a like punishment from God.

After being beaten up, Ed is dragged into the sewers by penis-worshipping, rat-eating pygmy cannibals, along with the body of Josie, who revives as a vampire in time to save Ed from having his penis lopped off. The two attempt to escape from the sewers when they are accidentally shot by a mother-daughter pygmy hunter team. Josie dies again, and her disembodied spirit learns from the ghost of Chet's sister, Annie, that she has become a vampire.

The professor from Dimension X, assisted by members of the staff of the popular Adventures in Science TV show, find Ed and the president in the sewers and bring him to their TV studio. The discovery is big news, and the professor and the president make a TV appearance, but when it is discovered that the people of Dimension X are homosexual or bisexual, the professor is violently killed, and Ed and the body of the body of Josie are put in confinement. The studio is invaded by the pygmies, however, when they recognize their "Penis God" on the television.

Josie's spirit returns to her body, and she and Ed escape and make their way to the hospital where Chet works. Josie gets her revenge by seducing Chet and killing him before he is able to repent, thus sending him to Hell.

Ed is one of a number of men secretly kidnapped in order for a man, Bick Backman, to have his penis transplanted with a larger one, in order to please his wife. Out of the lineup of unconscious men, Ed's penis with the President's head on it stands out and is chosen for Backman. After the operation, the Mounties raid the hospital and, finding Reagan, take Backman and leave Ed, who has had another, larger penis sewed on in the President's place. The hospital hands Ed over to Mrs Backman, claiming he is her husband. Though she is suspicious, she willingly accepts Ed (and his newly transplanted penis) as her husband.

Original ending

Mrs Backman takes her "husband" home, but her children are not convinced that he is their father. However, after he has spent some time in the house, they decide "he's way better than the other one". There is a striking resemblance between Ed and Mrs Backman's large, round heads, and eventually it is revealed by her mother that they were twins separated at birth.

While at church, the Backman children are kidnapped by stone aliens, but the children are saved by Frankenstein's monster, who lands them in Washington, where they find their kidnapped father. Josie and Ed's friend Christian rescue the Backmans, returning them to their home. After Ed has his clown makeup restored, he reverts to his cheerful self. When he goes to visit Josie, he learns that her apartment building has burned down, and she was the only casualty. Her charred skeleton is brought out, clutching an unburnt hand. This ending appeared in the version of the story serialized in Yummy Fur and has never been reprinted.

Revised ending

In the alternate ending from the 1992 and later versions of the book, much of the latter part of the story is dropped after Chet dies. 17 new pages replace the dropped portions.

Chet's severed hand visits Josie's apartment at night and rolls up her window shade. As a vampire, the sunlight kills her in the morning while she sleeps, burning up her body, and she and Chet are reunited in the flames of Hell.

Characters

Ed

A big-headed, childlike clown with a Candide-like optimism, despite the hardships his creator puts him through He's not an active protagonist; rather, "things happen to him". He spends much of the story with the head of a miniature Ronald Reagan from another dimension for a penishead. He later discovers, after having the president severed from his penis and having a new one attached, that he has a long-lost twin sister.
Brown considers Ed to be an "adult who's pre-adolescent", whose sexuality is not fully formed.

thumb|right|250px|alt=collage of the characters Chet Doodley, Josie, President Reagan, Professor Jones, Annie, and Mrs Backman|Chet Doodley, Josie, President Reagan, Professor Jones, Annie, and Mrs Backman

Chet Doodley

A janitor working at a hospital, he is plagued with guilt over cheating on his wife after his hand falls off for no apparent reason. After having a dream in which a statue of the Virgin Mary turns into his girlfriend, Josie, and has sex with him, he murders Josie while having sex with her by stabbing her in the back in the woods. Josie, who becomes a vampire afterwards, hunts him down and eventually breaks his neck, sending him to Hell.
The character appears in some ways to be a stand-in for Brown himself ("Chet" is short for "Chester"). Brown admits that losing his hand like Chet is one of his phobias, as he would not be able to draw any longer, and so named the character "Chet".

Josie

Chet's beautiful former girlfriend, who becomes a vampire "for actively engaging in a grievous sin" for committing adultery with her boyfriend Chet, when he murders her by stabbing her in the back. Her vampire self ends up saving Ed from having his penis decapitated by pygmy cannibals, and eventually tracks down Chet and kills him, sending him to Hell. In an alternate ending, she finds herself in Hell as well, eternally embracing Chet while being consumed by fire.

Ronald Reagan

President from an alternate dimension, whose head ends up attached to the end of Ed's penis. In Dimension X, where he comes from, people are much smaller than in Ed's work, and are homosexual or bisexual. In Ed's world, homosexuality is illegal.
Originally Brown had intended to use Ed Broadbent, a left-wing politician and then-leader of the Canadian social democratic New Democratic Party, as the head of the penis, but changed it to the right-winger Reagan due to how obscure Broadbent would have been to his American readers—Broadbent would "just[...]be a name to them". He later regretted the decision, saying he could have included an explanation in the back of the book as to who Broadbent was. Neither Broadbent nor Reagan was meant to have been political statements. Brown was not very politically aware at the time, and had only the vaguest notions of what right- and left-wing politics were, although he says he probably would have believed in the NDP's policies at the time had he been more aware of what they were. Years later, Brown became a libertarian, and while "Reagan was no libertarian", he came to believe that Reagan was the best president of the U.S. since Calvin Coolidge.
The idea of a talking penis has appeared in a number of other comics, such as The Talking Head (1990) by Paolo Baciliero and Pete Sickman-Garner's Young Tim.

Professor Ferron Jones

Professor from Dimension X who discovers the inter-dimensional hole, and secretly makes his way to Ed's dimension to find the missing head of President Reagan when Nancy, the First Lady refuses to approve an expedition. He makes an appearance on TV, but later is killed when it is discovered that the people of his world are homosexual or bisexual, as homosexuality is strictly forbidden in Ed's world.

Annie Doodley

The spirit of Chet's sister, who died in infancy. She guides Josie's disembodied spirit, and tells Josie she has become a vampire, as she died while committing a grievous sin.

Becky Backman

Wife of Bick Beckman, whose penis transplant is interrupted by government agents. Ed is switched for Bick, and handed over to his wife. Ed starts a new life as Becky's husband, but it is later revealed to Becky by her mother that Ed is really her long lost twin brother, from whom she was separated at birth.
Becky's role is minimized in the collections, as all scenes in which she appears after Ed is handed over to her at the hospital are dropped. She was not originally conceived of as Ed's sister—Brown worked that into the story after he noticed a resemblance in the way he drew the two characters.

Controversy

"I'd been seeing these different Japanese comics, and they were obsessed with[...]doing shit jokes and stuff. Scatological stuff. And I thought it was kind of disgusting, and I couldn't see why the Japanese would be so obsessed with this stuff. So I decided to put it in my comic and see how it would turn out. And after drawing 'The Man Who Couldn't Stop' I didn't find it disgusting anymore. Now when I see that stuff in Japanese comics or anywhere else, it doesn't bother me the way it used to."

Chester Brown, 1990

Ed had a large amount of potentially offensive content, including nudity, graphic violence, racist imagery, blasphemy, Profanity and more. Brown himself had grown up in a strictly Baptist household in which he was not allowed to swear (as depicted in his graphic novel I Never Liked You, and in the story "The Little Man"). Some of the shocking content came from Brown confronting himself with things such as his disgust at scatological humour he believed was prevalent in Japanese comics, and his disgust at Homosexuality. He was also going through a period of discovering what it was he believed about Christianity, a topic he would revisit throughout his life and career.

Brown was exploring some of the Freudian ideas the Surrealists made use of that he had discovered in Wallace Fowlie's Age of Surrealism. Brown said, "surrealist writers believed that in creating spontaneously they could get in touch with The Unconscious", which helped him find a direction for his work at a time when he admits he "had nothing to say". Following this path, he included certain scenes and images that made even himself uncomfortable; for example, the recurring Pygmy characters and their "ooga booga" language, which reinforced "old colonial imaging of 'third world natives'", according to Chris Lanier, writing in The Comics Journal.

Religion

Beginning Ed, Brown still considered himself a Christian, although he was not sure what being a Christian meant to himself. Over the course of creating the book, he also went through a period of agnosticism, after which he moved on to considering himself a Gnostic. Religious imagery abounds throughout the book—early on is a scene in which a fictional mediaeval "Saint Justin" puts off the advances of his wife, only to have her catch him masturbating while she is out chopping wood. She gets her revenge on him by chopping off his hand with the axe she was chopping wood with.

This imagery comes back to haunt Chet Doodley, who had an alternate version of this story read to him by his mother from a children's book of saints, in which "Saint Justin" cuts off his own hand to prevent himself from sinning, quoting Jesus: "If thy hand offend thee, cut it off" (Mark 9:43). As an adult, the adulterous Chet loses his hand for no apparent reason. After having it unsatisfactorily sewn back on, he has a dream in which the Virgin Mary has sex with him, who turns into his girlfriend Josie, who pulls his hand off. He comes across a book titled Lives of the Saints, and reads once more about "Saint Justin". He calls Josie out to the woods, where he murders her while they have sex, saying, "[Y]ou have to cut off from yourself the thing that is making you sin." His hand is restored, and he prays to God.

While not part of the Ed story, Brown had been running straight adaptations of the Gospels of Mark and Matthew during most of Ed's run in Yummy Fur, a contrast which caught the attention of many. R. Fiore, writing in The Comics Journal, called this "the best exploration of Christian mythology since Justin Green's Binky Brown", comparing Chet's excessive Christian guilt with the "almost childlike retelling" of Mark.

Publishing history

The story got its start in the second issue of Brown's original Yummy Fur minicomic, the seven issues of which were reprinted in the first three issues of the Vortex Comics-published Yummy Fur. Ed ended up running in the first 18 issues Yummy Fur, with other backup features (most notably, Brown's Gospel adaptations). Originally, Brown had intended Ed to be his main, ongoing character, and had not planned to have an ending to the series, but by the eighteenth issue he felt the need to change directions. After reading a set of semi-autobiographical minicomics by Julie Doucet, he quickly decided to bring the series to an end (although it would not be the only ending), and began doing autobiographical comics and changed his drawing style.

I started off wanting to do superhero stuff, and 'Ed' was very much rooted in that pulp comic book field, close to the adventure comics I was interested in doing in my late teen and early 20s. Then I gradually began losing interest in 'Ed'. Most of that stuff wasn't reprinted in 'The Definitive Ed,' I wasn't interested in it. I was coming at it from a Marvel-DC point of view where you have a character and you just keep going with that character as long as people will buy it, and at a certain point I realized you don't have to do that. You can end a story like a Novel ends and go onto something else. At the beginning of 'Ed', I was totally free; I could do anything; but at the end, so many things had been blocked off and the world defined in so many ways that I wasn't as free to create, and I was bored. The night I came up with the ending, the original ending in issue 18, I was overjoyed. Wow! I get to finish this!

— Chester Brown, The Comics Journal #162

Brown believes the story came to a "natural" conclusion at the end of Yummy Fur #12. This story is what made up the first Ed collection, which was intended to be the first in a series of Ed books, much like Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin series. However, he had "come to hate most of the Ed instalments from issues 13 to 18", and thought the ending in issue #12 was a fitting one. On the other hand, Brown felt that Josie's story had not properly wrapped up. While Josie's revenge on Chet could be seen as resolution, Brown could not "let Josie get away with it", as he saw the revenge impulse negatively, and devised an ending to reflect his belief, in which Josie ends up in Hell with Chet.

While Ed was the main feature of Yummy Fur until Brown switched gears to autobiographical comics, it was notably juxtaposed against his straight adaptations of the gospels of Mark and Matthew, which filled up the rest of the Yummy Fur issues starting with #4.

Issues of Ed the Happy Clown (Drawn and Quarterly reprint series)
#	Date
1	February	2005
2	May
3	August
4	November
5	January	2006
6	March
7	May
8	July
9	September

Drawn and Quarterly (Brown's publisher since 1991) reissued the contents of the Definitive Ed collection in a nine issue series on smaller-sized pages from 2005 to 2006 titled Ed the Happy Clown, with new covers, previously unpublished art and extensive commentary by Brown.

Brown had devised a new ending to Ed the Happy Clown around 2001–02 while working on Louis Riel. After finishing that book, he dug out the ending again and started revising Ed to incorporate this new ending, which included added material earlier in the book to foreshadow the new ending. Soon he found himself rewriting and redrawing the whole story, this time working from a script. Drawn and Quarterly publisher Chris Oliveros began to suspect what Brown had been doing in secret, so in order to distract him, Brown suggested re-serializing the "definitive" Ed collection, along with endnotes, which Oliveros went with. This version of Ed was issued in a book collection called, Ed the Happy Clown: a Graphic Novel, by Drawn and Quarterly in mid-2012.

Brown penciled about 100 pages of the revised version, but stopped because he believed the new version was not any better than the original.

Censorship

[[wikipedia:File:YummyFur4-03-03.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=censored panel of man masturbating|Censored panel in Yummy Fur #4|]] Vortex Comics publisher Bill Marks had a panel of the Ed story in Yummy Fur #4 censored. The panel occurred during a scene in which a fictional "Saint Justin" was masturbating after putting off his wife's advances. In the panel, "Saint Justin" had just finished ejaculating all over his hand—his penis is unobstructed and in full view, with his semen-covered hand clearly visible behind it. Marks had the panel covered up with another illustration after discussing it with Brown. Brown was "annoyed" by this censorship, but agreed to go along with it. Marks later admitted it was a mistake that he would not make again, and indeed when Brown included a scene in the following issue of Ronald Reagan's head vomiting when he realizes he has been attached to Ed's penis, Marks made no objection, and all future collections of Ed restored the censored panel. When the panel was originally censored, Brown made clear to readers what was being censored with the note:

Sorry folks but this picture of a penis ejaculating onto a hand has been censored. If any of you want to see this page as I originally drew it send me a self addressed envelope (and an age statement) care of Vortex Comics and I'll send you a photocopy.

— Chester Brown, Yummy Fur #4, page 3, panel 3

In stores, Yummy Fur was often wrapped in plastic with "adults only" labels on it. It is not known if Ed or Yummy Fur were ever banned from any stores, but it was dropped for a number of issues for by the comics distributor, Diamond, purportedly for low sales, despite the fact that it continued to distribute other Vortex titles which had lower sales figures.

Yummy Fur was also dropped by a printer in the province of Ontario. The printer had used discarded pages of the fourth issue of Yummy Fur to pack boxes of a feminist publication. The issue included a nude scene from the Ed serial in which Chet the janitor stabs the Josie the vampire while having sex with her. The feminist publisher lodged a complaint, and the printer informed Brown's publisher that they would not be handling the book anymore.

In September, 1989, Packaging Service and Supplies of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the U.S., the bindary who had been contracted to bind the first edition of Ed, refused to bind the already-printed pages, as they found the content too offensive.

The third issue of the Drawn and Quarterly Ed series was seized at the Canadian border, but was later deemed admissible.

Collections

[[wikipedia:File:EdTheHappyClown1stEditionPekarIntroPanel10.jpg| thumb | right | 200px | Harvey Pekar wrote the Brown-illustrated introduction to the first collected Ed edition |]] The stories have been collected in three different editions, with significantly differing contents. They were dedicated to Kris Nakamura, a girlfriend of Brown's and the one who convinced him to self-publish the Yummy Fur minicomic.

The first collection, titled Ed the Happy Clown: A Yummy Fur Book, was released in 1989 by Vortex Comics before Brown had decided he would bring the story to a finish. It collects the Ed stories from the first 12 issues of Yummy Fur. This edition also contained a cartoon foreword penned by American Splendor writer Harvey Pekar, which was drawn by Brown. It was this edition that won Brown one of his two Harvey Awards in 1990, for Best Graphic Album, and a U.K. Comic Art Award the same year for Best Graphic Novel/Collection.

The second edition, also put out by Vortex, came out in 1992, after Brown had taken Yummy Fur to Drawn and Quarterly. This was labeled by Bill Marks The Definitive Ed Book. It reprinted what was in the first edition, with some more material from Yummy Fur #17, dropping most of the material from after Chet's death. Its ending also differed from the one in Yummy Fur #18—Chet's severed hand exacts revenge on Josie, and the couple find themselves wordlessly embracing in the fires of Hell. The "definitive" title was not Brown's idea, but was chosen by Marks for marketing reasons. Brown would rather not have had "definitive" on the cover, as he was not completely happy with the ending, but allowed Marks to go ahead with it.

In June 2012, Drawn and Quarterly published a third edition, entitled Ed the Happy Clown: A Graphic Novel. Essentially, the book reprinted the contents of the Ed series of a few years earlier, including, somewhat modified, the end notes and annotations which included background and autobiographical details. It also included a new introduction by Brown, replacing the introductions penned by Pekar and Solomos in the previous editions. Compared to previous editions, it was printed on higher-quality paper with higher contrast in the printing, and the artwork was reduced in size. It was a bestseller and reproductions of the covers were included in the endpapers.

The 2012 edition also included a ten-pager called "The Door", which Brown redrew from an anonymous public domain horror comic book story. In the story, a couple go through a door in a funhouse which leads through a passage in which they get lost for years. Their clothes disintegrate over that time, exposing their genitals, until they finally come across another door—one that leads them to Hell. Brown talks about the effect it had on himself when he discovered it in pre-adolescence—he found the story truly horrifying, as the couple had done nothing apparent to deserve their fate. He had originally intended to incorporate it into the Ed story, but capriciously veered off in another direction instead.

Ed the Happy Clown Collections
Date	Title	Publisher	Pages	ISBN	Notes
1989	Ed the Happy Clown: a Yummy Fur Book	Vortex	198	978-0-92145-104-4	incomplete foreword written by Harvey Pekar
1992	Ed the Happy Clown: the Definitive Ed Book		215	978-0-92145-108-2	abridged alternate ending introduction by Steve Solomos
2012	Ed the Happy Clown: A Graphic Novel	Drawn and Quarterly	240	978-1-77046-075-1	extensive end notes and appendices additional story "The Door"

Translations
Language	Title	Publisher	Date	Translator	ISBN
Spanish	Ed, el payaso feliz	Ediciones La Cúpula	2006	Hernán Migoya	978-8-478-33731-6
German	Ed the Happy Clown	Reprodukt	2008	Dirk Baranek	978-3-941-09914-2

Style

"Brown arrived in print almost fully formed as an aritist", according to comics historian John Bell. His style, while showing the influence of artists such as Robert Crumb, Harold Gray and Jack Kirby, was distinct from his predecessors. He continued to mature as an artist and draughtsman throughout the run of Ed, showing enormous growth from the beginning to end of the graphic novel.

Working method

Brown drew the story one panel at a time one 5"x5" squares of cheap typewriter paper, which he placed on a block of wood on his lap instead of a drawing board. He used a number of different drawing tools, including Rapidograph technical pens, markers, crowquill pens and ink brushes, the latter of which he called his favourite tool toward the end of the story's run, although he did not use it much as he felt he could not work fast enough with a brush. He also had artwork printed from photocopies from his pencils, which was both faster to produce and had a more spontaneous feel.

The pre-Vortex stories had been done using a brush, but when Brown committed himself to a regular schedule, he felt that would be too slow, and switched to cheap markers to increase his productivity. Shortly after, he switched to pencil, which years later he acknowledged as a mistake—the pencil pages he deems "too raw", lacking the "fluid grace" of a brushline. While he was not using a brush for drawing, he was still using one to fill in blacks and to letter his dialogue balloons.

Usually, he would first roughly sketch in with a light blue pencil, go over it in more detail in HB pencil, at which stage "most of the work [was] done", and then fill in blacks and dark areas with a brush. By photocopying before sending the artwork to the printer, Brown could ensure that the copy printed from was sufficiently black. While he occasionally scripted certain pages or scenes, he often did not, and would often write in dialogue only after having drawn the artwork. The artwork was done rather freely, with Brown not feeling the need to rule his lines or lettering.

The stories were not planned out, but Brown would sometimes have an idea for a scene or more. Some ideas he found would carry him for up to two to three issues of Yummy Fur. Brown made use of flashback scenes done from a different perspective to change scenes that otherwise would have been set in stone—for example, when Brown revisited the scene of Josie's murder, he placed Ed behind a bush, linking their fates. When he had originally done the murder scene, he did not "know that Ed was over in the bushes a couple feet away". Brown made use of this technique to alter the story to his needs.

While the make-it-up-as-you-go-along method worked to a degree, Brown also found himself dissatisfied with much of the work, later abandoning about a hundred pages of it which he no longer intends to have reprinted. He also found that the method did not work as well with his abandoned Underwater, after which he turned to more carefully scripting out his stories.

Influences

[[wikipedia:File:MikePloogFrankenstein02Cover.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Cover of The Monster of Frankenstein comic book|Monster comics, like Ploog's Frankenstein, were an influence on Ed|]] When Brown started to do Ed, he was largely influenced by the comics he had grown up with, especially monster comics from Marvel Comics, such as Werewolf by Night and Frankenstein's Monster, drawn by artists like Mike Ploog; and DC comics like Swamp Thing by artists like Bernie Wrightson and Jim Aparo.

Since graduating from high school, Brown had been inching towards underground comix, starting with the work of Richard Corben and especially Moebius in Heavy Metal, and eventually getting over his disgust over Robert Crumb's sex-laden comics to become a huge fan of the Zap and Weirdo artist. He says the book that finally pulled him over into the underground was The Apex Treasury of Underground Comics, which included Crumb as well as Art Spiegelman's original short "Maus" story. He was also affected by Will Eisner's graphic novel, A Contract with God. Brown had already been an Eisner fan, but this book was different, "something that wasn't about a character with a mask on his face". He started drawing in a more underground style, and submitting work to Raw, Last Gasp and Fantagraphics. The work was rejected from these publishers for one reason or another, and Brown was eventually convinced by his friend Kris Nakamura, who was active in the Toronto small press scene, to take it and self-publish it. His minicomic, Yummy Fur, was the result, and included the earliest installments of the Ed the Happy Clown story.

The book also drew inspiration from pulp science fiction, religious literature and television clichés, and Harold Gray's Little Orphan Annie, which would become a primary influence on Brown's later work—especially Louis Riel—had an effect on Brown after he discovered some Annie reprint books in the early 1980s.

Reception and legacy

Ed was not a book for the squeamish, and was vilified by women's rights groups, as well as being off-putting to fellow cartoonists (some of whom, including Craig Thompson, later came to admire it). D. Aviva Rothschild, author of Graphic Novels: a Bibliographic Guide to Book-Length Comics, found the story akin to "staring at six-day-old roadkill". Even Brown's father was too offended to keep reading after the fifth minicomic issue, "Ed and the Beanstalk".

However, the book was praised by numerous publications, from The Comics Journal to mainstream publications such as Rolling Stone, which placed Ed on an early-1990s "Hot" list, and The Village Voice. Time placed Ed at #7 on their list of "All Time top ten graphic novels", Fantagraphics editor/critic/co-publisher Kim Thompson placed Ed at #27 on his top 100 comics of the 20th Century, and former Comics Journal editor and Comics Reporter Blogger Tom Spurgeon called Ed "one of the three best alt-comix serials of all time". It also appeared in Gene Kannenberg's 500 Essential Graphic Novels (2008).

Chris Lanier, writing in The Comics Journal, placed Ed in a tradition that included Daniel Clowes' Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron, Max Andersson's Pixy and Eric Drooker's Flood!, works in which symbols appear with such frequency and importance to suggest significance, while remaining symbolically empty. He finds predecessors for these works in German Dada and the Theatre of the Absurd.

Comics critic R. Fiore initially found the 1992 ending disappointing, but changed his mind 2012, saying the sad ending gave Ed "an emotional punch that it wouldn’t otherwise have". Douglas Wolk wrote that it is not surprising that Brown will not settle on one conclusion to the story, as that "would mean some kind of narrative closure", while Ed's premise is that "everything makes sense as a big picture eventually, but nothing can be relied on from moment to moment".

Ed had a large impact on a number of Brown's contemporaries, including fellow Canadians Dave Sim and Seth, who was taken in by the ambitiousness of Brown's storytelling—"[t]hose brilliant sequences where he would show a situation and then return to it later from a different perspective, like the death of Josie, really blew me away"—and Dave Cooper, who called Ed "the most perfect book ever".

Others who cite Brown's Ed as an influence on their work include Daniel Clowes, Chris Ware, Craig Thompson, Matt Madden, Eric Reynolds and the Canadian cartoonists Alex Fellows, whose Doug Wright Award-winning Canvas shows the influence of Ed, and Bryan Lee O'Malley, the latter of whom calls Brown "a Golden God", and whose Lost at Sea was heavily influenced by Ed. Anders Nilsen calls Ed "completely amazing and one of the best comics ever", placing it in his top five comic books, and citing it as a major influence on his spontaneous Big Questions.

Awards

Year	Organisation	Award	Result
1990	Harvey Awards	Best Graphic Album for the first edition	Won
1990	U.K. Comic Art Award	Best Graphic Novel/Collection for the first edition	Won
1999	Urhunden Prizes	Foreign Album	Won

Other media

thumb|left|alt=movie poster|Promotional material for the as-yet unmade Yummy Fur movie, which was to have been based on the Ed story Bruce McDonald has had the rights since 1991 to make an Ed movie, for which he plans to use Yummy Fur as the title. The film will possibly use stop-motion animation, but the project has yet to get off the ground. At one point, McDonald had hoped to have Macaulay Culkin star as Ed, Rip Torn as president Reagan and Drew Barrymore as the First Lady. In 2000, it was reported that the movie would have a budget of $6,000,000, but it was unable to get the necessary financial backing. A script had been written by Don McKellar, and later with John Frizzell.

The movie is alluded to in one installment of a series of strips the City of Toronto commissioned Brown to do as part of their Live with Culture campaign that was run in Now magazine for six weeks in 2007. In the strip, a zombie and his human girlfriend attend a screening of McDonald's still-unmade adaptation. McDonald managed to sneak Brown's graphic novel into scenes in his film The Tracey Fragments the same year.

See also

• surreal humour
• Canadian comics
• Small press
• Comic Book Confidential

This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Comics. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Hey Kids Comics, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.

References

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External links

• Bruce McDonald talks about the Yummy Fur/Ed the Happy Clown adaptation (1996) on YouTube
• Podcast about Ed at Deconstructing Comics
• Ed the Happy Clown character at the Comic Book DB
• Ed the Happy Clown TPB (first edition, 1989) at the Comic Book DB
• Ed the Happy Clown: the Definitive Edition (1992) at the Comic Book DB
• Ed the Happy Clown (Drawn and Quarterly series) at the Comic Book DB
• Ed the Happy Clown (Drawn and Quarterly series) at the Grand Comics Database

Category:Drawn and Quarterly titles Category:Harvey Award winners for Best Graphic Album Category:Books by Chester Brown Category:Comics by Chester Brown Category:1989 graphic novels Category:1992 graphic novels Category:2012 graphic novels Category:Obscenity controversies